History of sexuality and gender

Sodomy, possessive individualism and godless nature: Eighteenth-century traces of homosexual assertiveness.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2023, p. 288-312.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

When organized homosexual emancipation took root in the late nineteenth century, it was largely based on the then prevailing biomedical and psychiatric conceptualizations of homosexuality. These presented it as an innate inclination of a minority, while science-based knowledge was seen as the road towards societal acceptance. In this article it is argued that as early as in the eighteenth century, distinct efforts were made towards ‘homosexual emancipation’, if preliminary and less coherent perhaps, yet also quite radical in tone and contents. While the modern gay movement largely steered a defensive course way into the twentieth century, based on a clearly demarcated minority group’s sense of ‘being different’ and ‘having no other option’, in the eighteenth century there were voices that appealed to homosexual behaviour as a matter of self-determination and choice by deriving inspiration from early liberalism, libertinism, cultural history and literature. The examples provided in this article are derived from (mainly English and French) court archives, pamphlets, political-philosophical treatises, personal documents and (semi-pornographic) literary texts.

Oosterhuis 2023 Sodomy Possessive Individualism Godless Nature Journal History Sexuality

Review of: Giami, A. & Levinson, S. (Eds.) (2021). Histories of Sexology: Between Science and Politics. Cham: Palgrave MacMillan.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Centaurus, Vol. 65, No. 1, 2023, p. 197-200.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis 2023 Review Giami and Levinson Histories of Sexology

Sodemieterij, eigendomsindividualisme en goddeloze natuur: Achttiende-eeuwse kiemen van homo-emancipatie.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: De Achttiende eeuw, Vol. 53, No. 1, 2021, p. 127-148.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Georganiseerde homo-emancipatie ontstond aan het eind van de negentiende eeuw en was in hoge mate gebaseerd op de toen gangbare biomedische en psychiatrische begripsvorming. Daarin werd homoseksualiteit voorgesteld als de ingebakken geaardheid van een minderheid en gold natuurwetenschappelijke kennis als de weg naar maatschappelijke acceptatie. In dit artikel wordt uiteengezet dat er al in de achttiende eeuw opmerkelijke aanzetten zijn te vinden tot ‘homo-emancipatie’, weliswaar minder coherent, maar ook radicaler van toon en inhoud. Waar de homobeweging tot ver in de twintigste eeuw overwegend een defensieve koers volgde – op basis van het ‘anders zijn’ en ‘niet anders kunnen’ van een duidelijk afgebakende minderheidsgroep – waren er in de achttiende eeuw stemmen te horen die een beroep deden op zelfbeschikking en keuzevrijheid, zich bedienden van scabreuze taal en zich lieten inspireren door libertinisme, cultuurgeschiedenis en literatuur. De voorbeelden die in dit artikel de revue passeren zijn ontleend aan (voornamelijk Engelse en Franse) gerechtelijke archieven, pamfletten, politiek-filosofische beschouwingen, egodocumenten en (semi-pornografische) literaire teksten.

Oosterhuis 2021 Sodemieterij Eigendomsindividualisme Goddeloze Natuur Jaarboek De Achttiende Eeuw

Good Guys and Bad Guys: A Dutch Comment on an American Interpretation of German Sexual History.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Transatlantische Emanzipationen: Freundschaftsgabe für James Steakley. ed. / Florian Mildenberger. Berlin: Männerschwarm Verlag, 2021. p. 107-132 (Bibliothek Rosa Winkel: Sonderreihe Wissenschaft, Vol. 8).
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

More than four decades ago James Steakley, in his 1975 book about the early German homosexual emancipation movement, opened up a new historical research field. His pioneering work was followed by dozens of historical studies about the late nineteenth and early twentieth- century German origins of sexual science, identities, and politics. Apart from German and some Dutch, British, and French historians, American scholars in gay and lesbian or queer studies in particular have contributed to the avalanche of publications about the ways in which homosexuality was variously framed in biomedical, politico-legal and cultural discourses and how these affected society and individual lives. These works show that perspectives have changed since the 1970s; historiography often reflects the concerns of the present. This article is a discussion of the political agenda aired in one of the recent works: Vita sexualis: Karl Ulrichs and the Origins of Sexual Science by Ralph Leck. My criticism of the book is stirred by my research into the works and careers of two leading German (proto-)sexologists, Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840–1902) and Albert Moll (1862–1939) and how they articulated the modern experience of sexuality. My objection to Leck’s book is that several ambivalences and paradoxes in the development of the modern science and politics of sexuality and the related conflicts and rivalries are largely covered up with a clear-cut black-and-white scheme of conservative repression versus progressive liberation. His perspective raises some pertinent questions about the fascination for and perspective on German sexual history in American Gay Studies and Queer Theory.

Oosterhuis 2021 Good Guys and Bad Guys James Steakley Freundschaftsgabe Sonderdruck Oosterhuis

Freud and Albert Moll: How kindred spirits became bitter foes.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: History of Psychiatry, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2020, p. 294-310. ARTN 0957154X20922130.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

This article explores the antagonism between Sigmund Freud and the German neurologist and sexologist Albert Moll. When Moll, in 1908, published a book about the sexuality of children, Freud, without any grounds, accused him of plagiarism. In fact, Moll had reason to suspect Freud of plagiarism since there are many parallels between Freud’s Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie and Moll’s Untersuchungen über die Libido sexualis. Freud had read this book carefully, but hardly paid tribute to Moll’s innovative thinking about sexuality. A comparison between the two works casts doubts on Freud’s claim that his work was a revolutionary breakthrough. Freud’s course of action also raises questions about his integrity. The article also critically addresses earlier historical evaluations of the clash.

Oosterhuis 2020 Freud Albert Moll History Psychiatry

Een freudiaanse karaktermoord.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Skepter, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2020, p. 10-14.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Professional

Abstract

Weinig invloedrijke denkers zijn zo van hun voetstuk gevallen als Sigmund Freud. Het wetenschappelijke gehalte van de psychoanalyse is altijd omstreden geweest en inmiddels zijn er ook vraagtekens gezet bij zijn persoonlijke integriteit. In zijn streven om zijn leer te verspreiden deinsde Freud niet terug voor verdraaiingen, manipulatie en demonisering van critici. Dat ondervond ook de Berlijnse zenuwarts Albert Moll (1862-1939).

Oosterhuis 2020 Freudiaanse Karaktermoord Skepter

Push and Pull: Biological and Psychological Models of Sexuality in Medical Sexology and Psychoanalysis (1870–1930).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2020. p. 1-27.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

Sexual science or sexology arose in the last three decades of the nineteenth century, when psychiatrists and neurologists began to study and treat deviant sexualities as sickly ‘perversions’. The new science of experimental psychology, however, did not engage with this morally contested subject. Research into sexuality was rooted in a biomedical and clinical approach. All the same, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, some medical experts increasingly explained perversion as well as regular sexuality in a psychological way. This trend was intertwined with the changing definition of sexuality as either a pushing or a pulling force, which pertained not only to biological versus psychological interpretations, but also to the contrast between nature and culture, male and female sexuality, and pessimistic and optimistic evaluations. All of this has contributed to the shaping of the modern concept and experience of sexuality, and also to its sociopolitical regulation in the twentieth-century Western world.

Oosterhuis_2020_Push_and_Pull

Albert Moll’s Ambivalence about Homosexuality and His Marginalization as a Sexual Pioneer.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2019, p. 1-43.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

The names of pioneers such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Sigmund Freud, Havelock Ellis, and Magnus Hirschfeld, who carved out sexology as a new scientific field, are well-known. However, others whose thought was crucial to the field, such as the German neurologist Albert Moll (1862–1939), have largely been neglected. If in the early twentieth century Moll was one of the best-known experts in sexology in Central Europe, his reputation was eclipsed by the widespread adoption of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and by Hirschfeld’s prominence as an epoch-making protagonist of sexual reform and the homosexual rights movement. Unlike Freud and Hirschfeld, with whom Moll was engaged in bitter conflicts, he did not establish a school or activist movement. By the 1890s, Moll had already elaborated the most comprehensive and sophisticated sexual theory to date. But his innovative and ingenious reflections on sexuality, including biological as well as psychological and sociocultural factors, have received far less attention from historians of sexuality and in lesbian and gay studies than those of his contemporaries. Moreover, when his contributions to sexology are mentioned at all, it is often only in a one-sided and judgmental way. His antagonism toward the putatively enlightened and progressive views of Freud and Hirschfeld have led many commentators to highlight his political conservatism and regressive views of homosexuality and to therefore overlook his more innovative thinking about sexuality. Moll’s life and works are full of contradictions, and they reflect some of the ambiguities in the development of the modern science and politics of sexuality. Moll’s understanding and changing judgment of homosexuality vacillated between three explanatory frameworks: gender inversion, sexual object choice, and age disparity. Whereas the first one had been typical of new biomedical theories since the late nineteenth century, the second instead pointed to the future, and the third drew on older patterns of thinking about homosexual behavior. Moll’s changing and partly contradictory views of homosexuality were not only intertwined with his ingenious explanations of sexuality in general but also related to the variety of same-sex practices that he witnessed, his professional interests as a private psychotherapist, his antagonistic position vis-à-vis Hirschfeld and Freud, and his mixed feelings about homosexual emancipation and the impact of sexology on society. I will demonstrate how all of these factors throw light on the ambiguities of sexual modernity and may also explain Moll’s eventual marginalization in sexology and sexual history, even though his work now actually seems less outdated than that of some of his colleagues.

Oosterhuis 2019 Moll’s Ambivalence Homosexuality JoHoS

The Pitfalls of Political Correctness in Writing Sexual History: Politics and the Study of Sexual Science. An exchange between Harry Oosterhuis and Ralph Leck.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: H-Net Reviews in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. November, 2018.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

This review article rebuts central claims put forward by Ralph Leck in his book Vita Sexualis: Karl Ulrichs and the Origins of Sexual Science (2016) and addresses fundamental issues about the role of presentist political concerns in writing the history of sexual science. This book exemplifies the tendency among scholars in the history of sexuality and gay and lesbian studies to smuggle a presentist and politically correct agenda into their interpretation and assessment of the past. The fabrication of such a ‘usable’ history may serve the identity politics that nowadays sways (and poisons) the political and cultural agenda in the United States (and increasingly in Europe as well), but it comes with the risk of hampering our historical understanding.

Oosterhuis 2018 The Pitfalls of Political Correctsness in Writing Sexual History H-Net Reviews

Review of: Leng, Kirsten (2018). Sexual Politics and Feminist Science: Women Sexologists in Germany 1900-1933. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press and Cornell University Library.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Centaurus, Vol. 60, No. 1-2, 2018, p. 131-133.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis 2018 Review Leng Sexual Politics Feminist Science Centaurus

Review of: Marhoefer, Laurie (2016). Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis. Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: University of Toronto Quarterly, Vol. 86, No. 3, 2017, p. 226-228.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis 2017 Review Marhoefer Sex Weimarer Republic University of Toronto Quarterly

Review of: Wackerfuss, Andrew (2015). Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the early Nazi Movement. New York and York: Harrington Park Press.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Social History, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2017, p. 566-568.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis 2017 Review Wackerfuss Stormtrooper Families Social History

The pre-Freudian modernisation of sexuality: Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Albert Moll.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Deconstructing Normativity? Re-reading Freud’s 1905 Three Essays. ed. / Philippe van Haute; Herman Westerink. London and New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. p. 44-54.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

Sigmund Freud’s general perspective on sexuality and that articulated in his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality in particular should not be considered as a unique and revolutionary breakthrough, but as part of a broader new understanding of sexuality which began to take shape in the last two decades of the nineteenth century against the background of wider historical developments. The conceptual groundwork was laid by some psychiatrists, in particular Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840–1902) and Albert Moll (1862–1939). Their pioneering role has largely been forgotten, ignored or belittled, and their work has often been presented in a simplistic and judgmental way. I stress the continuing historical relevance of their work for present-day understandings of sexuality.

Oosterhuis 2017 Pre-Freudian Modernisation Sexuality Deconstructing Normativity

Review of: Tobin, Robert Deam (2015). Peripheral Desires: The German Discovery of Sex. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Vol. 90, No. 4, 2016, p. 725-726.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis_2016_Review_Tobin_Peripheral_Desires_Bulletin_History_Medicine

Review of: Wackerfuss, Andrew (2015). Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the early Nazi Movement. New York and York: Harrington Park Press and Tobin, Robert Deam (2015). Peripheral Desires: The German Discovery of Sex. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2016, p. 105-108.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis 2016 Recensie Wackerfuss Stormtrooper Families Tobin Peripheral Desires TSEG

Krafft-Ebing, Richard von.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. ed. / P. Whelehan; A. Bolin. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015. p. 646-649.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

A brief overview of the life and works of the psychiatrist and pioneer of sexology Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

Oosterhuis 2015 Krafft-Ebing International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality

The Invention of Heterosexuality.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. ed. / P. Whelehan; A. Bolin. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015. p. 520-523.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

The idea of an essential and exclusive heterosexual versus homosexual orientation is a crucial element in the modern understanding of sexuality. These basic sexual categories, which are so familiar to us now, were, however, not current before the late nineteenth century. The notion of heterosexuality emerged at the same time when psychiatrists discovered and labeled a variety of perversions and, in particular, when the modern idea of homosexuality as a separate category and identity took shape. Just like homosexuality and other perversions, heterosexuality, understood as a distinct and exclusive sexual desire for the opposite sex, was not naturally given, but a modern construction. The hetero-homo dichotomy signifies a predominantly Western and specific historical arrangement of sexual desire and behaviour.

Oosterhuis 2015 Invention of Heterosexuality International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality

Falling Between Two Stools: The Difficult Emancipation of Bisexuality in the Netherlands.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry.; Lipperts, Anja. In: Journal of Bisexuality, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2013, p. 245-272.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Over the last decade, media attention for bisexuality has increased in the Netherlands. Especially among younger people, there appears to be more openness and tolerance for bisexual feelings and behavior. Also, a growing number of individuals seem to identify themselves as bisexual. Has there indeed been a change in attitudes and behaviors involving bisexuality? For an answer on this question, the authors rely on a combination of historical and sociological approaches. First, they offer a historical overview of the sexological conceptualization of bisexuality. Second, they analyze the questions and the results of a number of sociological surveys on sexual attitudes and behavior. Third, the authors present a case study of how bisexual feelings and behavior were interpreted by readers and editors of a Dutch magazine popular among a young female readership.

Lipperts & Oosterhuis 2013 Falling Between Two Stools Journal of Bisexuality

Review of: Spector, Scott, Puff, Helmut, & Herzog, Dagmar (Eds.) (2012). After The History of Sexuality: German Genealogies With and Beyond Foucault. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Social History, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2013, p. 411-414.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis 2013 Review Spector Puff Herzog After History of Sexuality Social History

Sexual Modernity in the Works of Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Albert Moll.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Medical History, Vol. 56, No. 2, 2012, p. 133-155.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

The modern notion of sexuality took shape at the end of the nineteenth century, especially in the works of Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Albert Moll. This modernization of sexuality was closely linked to the recognition of sexual diversity, as it was articulated in the medical-psychiatric understanding of what, at that time, was labelled as perversion. From around 1870, psychiatrists shifted the focus from immoral acts, a temporary deviation of the norm, to an innate morbid condition. In the late nineteenth century, several psychiatrists, collecting and publishing more and more case histories, classified and explained the wide range of deviant sexual behaviors they traced. The emergence of medical sexology meant that perversions could be diagnosed and discussed. Against this background both Krafft-Ebing and Moll articulated a new perspective, not only on perversion, but also on sexuality in general. Krafft-Ebing initiated and Moll elaborated a shift from a psychiatric perspective in which deviant sexuality was explained as a derived, episodic and more or less singular symptom of a more fundamental mental disorder, to a consideration of perversion as an integral part of a more general, autonomous and continuous sexual instinct. Before Sigmund Freud and others had expressed similar views, it was primarily through the writings of Krafft-Ebing and Moll that a new understanding of human sexuality emerged.

Oosterhuis 2012 Sexual Modernity in the Works of Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Albert Moll Medical History

Oosterhuis 2012 Sexual Modernity Krafft-Ebing Moll long version Medical History

Weinig toegankelijk naslagwerk over vermeende ‘Homocaust’: Review of: Grau, Günter (2011). Lexikon zur Homosexuellenverfolgung 1933 bis 1945: Institutionen, Personen, Betätigungsfelder. Berlijn: LIT Verlag.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, Vol. 124, No. 3, 2011, p. 424-425.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis 2011 Recensie Grau Homocaust TvG

Psychiatrie, perversion et sexualité moderne.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. La modernisation de la sexualité (19e – 20e siècles). ed. / R. Beauthier; V. Piette; B. Truffin. Brussel: Editions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2010. p. 115-135.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

L’argument central du présent article est que la notion moderne de sexualité, telle qu’aujourd’hui nous la comprenons et en avons l’expérience, prit forme à la fin du 19e siècle. Cette modernisation de la sexualité, qui fut une évolution plutôt qu’une révolution, fut étroitement liée à la reconnaissance de la diversité sexuelle, dans la mesure où elle fut articulée sur la compréhension médicale et psychiatrique de ce qui était alors étiqueté perversion sexuelle. Si l’on l’excepte la masturbation, la prostitution et les maladies vénériennes, l’intérêt médical pour la sexualité, avant le milieu du 19e siècle, était intrinsèquement cantonné au champ de la médecine légale qui se concentrait sur des actes criminels comme le viol, la sodomie ou les attentats à la pudeur. C’est à partir des préoccupations de la médecine légale pour les caractéristiques personnelles des délinquants ayant attenté à la morale qu’émergea la prise en considération par la psychiatrie d’aspects plus larges des conduites sexuelles désordonnées. Alors que les médecins avaient d’abord pensé que les désordres mentaux et nerveux étaient le résultat de comportements ’contraires à la nature’, les psychiatres estimèrent qu’ils étaient la cause de la déviance sexuelle. Les désordres sexuels furent de plus en plus considérés comme non pas seulement des formes de comportement immoraux mais aussi comme des symptômes d’une condition morbide sous-jacente. Dans les dernières décennies du 19e siècle, plusieurs psychiatres s’employèrent à classifier et à expliquer le large éventail de comportements sexuels déviants qu’ils avaient repérés. Fondant leurs arguments sur des théories déterministes d’une dégénérescence héréditaire et d’un automatisme neurophysiologique, ils avancèrent que, dans de nombreux cas, des activités sexuelles irrégulières n’étaient pas des choix immoraux mais bien de symptômes de caractéristiques innées. A partir de 1870 environ, d’éminents psychiatres allemands et français déplacèrent l’accent d’une déviation temporaire de la norme à un état pathologique. Collectant et publiant des histoires de cas de plus en plus nombreuses, ils introduisirent de nouvelles étiquettes et de nouvelles catégories de perversion. Après que l’uranisme, les sentiments sexuels contraires (l’inversion), et l’homosexuel (et l’hétérosexuel) aient été forgés dans les années 1860, les trois décennies suivantes apportèrent plus de néologisme, tels que l’exhibitionnisme, le voyeurisme, le fétichisme, la pédophilie, la bestialité, le sadisme et le masochisme et l’urolagnie. Les psychiatres apportèrent donc une contribution substantielle à l’émergence d’un discours médical sur la sexualité, de sorte qu’à la fin du 19e siècle les perversions pouvaient être reconnues et discutées.

Oosterhuis 2010 Psychiatrie Perversion Sexualité Moderne Modernisation Sexualité

Stepchildren of nature: Krafft-Ebing, psychiatry, and the making of sexual identity – For Science and Humanity.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. The History of Sexuality in Europe: A Sourcebook and Reader. ed. / A. Clark. London, New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. p. 186-197.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

See Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity, 2000.

Tussen wal en schip: De moeizame emancipatie van biseksualiteit

/ Oosterhuis, Harry.; Lipperts, Anja. In: Tijdschrift voor Seksuologie, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2010, p. 3-18.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Veranderingen in attitude en gedrag op seksueel gebied zijn op verschillende manieren, zowel kwantitatief als kwalitatief, te onderzoeken. Dit artikel over biseksualiteit is gebaseerd op een combinatie van historische, sociologische en discours-analytische benaderingen. Ten eerste belichten wij de geschiedenis van de seksuologische begripsvorming met betrekking tot biseksualiteit. Ten tweede analyseren wij de vraagstelling en uitkomsten van een tiental enquêtes naar attitudes en gedragingen op seksueel gebied, die tussen 1968 en 2005 in Nederland plaatsvonden. Het derde deel bestaat uit een casestudy naar de betekenisgeving van biseksuele gevoelens en gedragingen, zoals die in de jaren 1989-2005 zijn verwoord in een adviesrubriek van een populair jongerentijdschrift.

Lipperts & Oosterhuis 2010 Tussen wal en schip Tijdschrift voor seksuologie

Coenraad van Emde Boas (1904 – 1981).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Personenlexikon der Sexualforschung. ed. / V. Sigusch; G. Grau. Frankfurt a/M & New York: Campus Verlag, 2009. p. 720-724.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

An overview of the life and works of the Dutch psychoanalyst and sexologist Coenraad van Emde Boas.

Oosterhuis 2009 Coenraad van Emde Boas Personenlexikon Sexualforschung

Oosterhuis 2009 Coenraad van Emde Boas Nederlands Personenlexikon Sexualforschung

Review of: Cryle, Peter & Forth, Christopher E. (Eds.) (2008). Sexuality at the Fin de Siècle: The Making of a ‘Central Problem’. Newark: University of Delaware Press.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Social History of Medicine, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2009, p. 414-416.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis_2009_Review_Cryle_Forth_Sexuality_Fin_de_Siecle_Social_History_of_Medicine

Medicine, Male Bonding and Homosexuality in Nazi Germany.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Nazi Germany. ed. / Harald Kleinschmidt. London: Routledge, 2007. p. 269-287.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

Medical historians have characterized the nazi regime as a ‘biocracy’: major social and political issues like the Jewish ‘question’, ethnicity, gender, poverty, crime, ‘asocial’ behavior and sexual deviance, were transformed into and reduced to biological and medical problems, for which there were apparently ‘neutral’, technical solutions. During the nazi regime the tension between male bonding in German nationalism and latent homoerotic tendencies of the so-called Männerbund was pushed to extremes. In nazi propaganda racist, especially antisemitic, terms were often employed to condemn homosexuality. Apparently, some nazis assumed that ‘racial impurity’ was its cause. The nature-nurture debate in medicine and psychiatry continued in nazi Germany; as far as homosexuality was concerned, the nurture side in the controversy even gained some ascendance.

Oosterhuis 1997 Medicine, Male Bonding and Homosexuality in Nazi Germany Journal of Contemporary History

Review of: Meer, Theo van der (2007). Jonkheer mr. Jacob Anton Schorer (1866-1957): Een biografie van homoseksualiteit. Amsterdam: Schorer Boeken.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, Vol. 120, No. 3, 2007, p. 420-421.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis_2007_Recensie_Van_der_Meer_Jacob_Anton_Schorer_TvG

Krafft-Ebing, Richard von.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Europe 1789 to 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. ed. / J. Merriman; J. Winter. Detroit: Charles Scribners Sons, 2006. p. 1270-1271.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

A brief overview of the life and works of the German-Austrian psychiatrist and pioneer of sexology Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

Vom fragwürdigen Zauber männlicher Schönheit: Politik und Homoerotik in Leben und Werk von Thomas und Klaus Mann.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Homosexualität und Staatsräson: Männlichkeit, Homophobie und Politik in Deutschland 1900 bis 1945. ed. / S. zur Nieden. Frankfurt am Main & New York: Campus Verlag, 2005. p. 114-142.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

Homosexualität ist im Leben und in den Werken von Thomas und Klaus Mann deutlich präsent. Auf den ersten Blick scheint es jedoch, dass man sich kaum einen größeren Unterschied zwischen Vater und Sohn vorstellen kann, sieht man sich die Art und Weise an, in der jeder der beiden seine Homosexualität zum Ausdruck gebracht hat. Während Thomas Mann sich zu einer Ehe entschloss und sein homoerotisches Verlangen in seiner Kunst und seinen politischen Schriften sublimiert hat, lebte Klaus seine homosexuelle Neigung mehr oder weniger offen aus. Doch wenn man ihre Homosexualität vor dem Hintergrund der Entwicklung ihres politischen Denkens sieht, verwischt sich der Unterschied zwischen Vater und Sohn. Nach dem Aufkommen des Nationalsozialismus gaben beide ihre ursprünglich eher apolitische Haltung auf, gelangten zu ähnlichen politischen Ansichten und prangerten den Nationalsozialismus an. In der Projektion öffentlicher Angelegenheiten auf intime Bedürfnisse und Fantasien wird das politische Denken beider Autoren stark von ihrer eigenen persönlichen Problematik beeinflusst. Und doch vermochten es beide Schriftsteller nicht, ihre Homosexualität mit einem demokratischen politischen Aktivismus in Einklang zu bringen. Beide sahen Homosexualität als der ästhetischen Sphäre zugehörend an, die letztendlich schwer mit moralischer und politischer Verantwortung zu vereinen war. Indem ich mich mit der Art und Weise beschäftige, in der sie Persönliches mit Politischem verbanden, vertrete ich in diesem Artikel die These, dass man ihre letztendlich pessimistische Wahrnehmung der Homosexualität nicht verstehen kann, ohne die Entwicklung ihrer politischen Ansichten zum Nationalsozialismus zu berücksichtigen.

Oosterhuis 2005 Vom fragwürdigen Zauber männlicher Schönheit Homosexualität Staatsäson

Medizin, Männerbund und die Homosexuellenverfolgung im Dritten Reich.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Nationalsozialistischer Terror gegen Homosexuelle. Verdrängt und ungesühnt. ed. / B. Jellonek; R. Lautmann. Paderborn, München, Wenen, Zürich: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2002. p. 119-126.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, Reinheit und Verfolgung: Männerbünde, Homosexualität und Politik in Deutschland (1900-1945) (1994).

Oosterhuis 2002 Medizin Männerbund Homosexuellenverfolgung Dritten Reich in Nationalsozialistischer Terror gegen Homosexuelle

Richard von Krafft-Ebing’s “Stepchildren of Nature”: Psychiatry and the Making of Homosexual Identity.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Sexualities in History: A reader. ed. / Kim M. Philips; Barry Reay. New York, London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2002. p. 271-292.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

See Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity (2000).

Krafft-Ebings stiefkinderen der natuur: De psychiatrie en het ontstaan van seksuele identiteiten.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Tijdschrift voor Seksuologie, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2001, p. 3-6.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Professional

Abstract

See Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity (2000).

Richard von Krafft-Ebing und die ‘Stiefkinder der Natur’.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry.; Schmidt, G. In: Zeitschrift Fur Sexualforschung, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2001, p. 357-365.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Interview about Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity (2000).

Schmidt Oosterhuis 2001 Interview Richard von Krafft-Ebing Stiefkinder der Natur Zeitschrift Sexualforschung

Adolf Brand.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Who’s who in gay and lesbian history: From antiquity to World War II. ed. / R Alderich; G Wotherspoon. London [etc.]: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. p. 68-69.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

A brief overview of the life and works of the German homosexual activist Adolf Brand, editor of Der Eigene and leader of the Gemeinschaft der Eigenen.

Adolf Brand und die Schwulenbewegung.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Emanzipation hinter der Weltstadt: Adolf Brand und die Gemeinschaft der Eigenen. ed. / M. Keilson-Lauritz; R.F. Lang. Berlin-Friedrichshagen: Müggel-Verlag, 2000. p. 69-84 (Edition Friedrichshagen; No. 4).
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

Adolf Brand war einer der farbigsten, militantesten und umstrittener Aktivisten der deutschen Homosexuellenbewegung vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Es ist an anderer Stelle beschrieben worden, wie er immer wieder in öffentliche Streitigkeiten, Skandale und Prozesse verwickelt war. Von 1896 bis 1932 gab er die Zeitschrift Der Eigene heraus, das erste homosexuelle Blatt in Deutschland und zugleich das erste der Welt. Brand war zugleich der Anführer der zweiten schwulen Organisation in Deutschland, der Gemeinschaft der Eigenen, die er 1903 gründete, sechs Jahre nach der Gründung des Wissenschaftlich-humanitären Komitees. Anders als Magnus Hirschfelds Komitee war die Gemeinschaft der Eigenen weniger eine politische Organisation als so etwas wie ein literarischer Zirkel. Seine Zeitschrift war denn auch zu einem großen Teil der Literatur und der bildenden Kunst gewidmet. In Die Geschichte der eigenen Geschichte. Literatur und Literaturkritik in den Anfängen der Schwulenbewegung (1997) hat Marita Keilson-Lauritz am Beispiel dieser Zeitschrift die Rolle der Literatur für die Entwicklung schwulen Selbstbewußtseins und schwuler Emanzipation dargestellt. Außer Gedichten und Erzählungen publizierte der Eigene jedoch auch zahlreiche Texte zu sozialen und politischen Aspekten männlicher Homosexualität. Ich möchte an dieser Stelle die Aufmerksamkeit auf einige ideologische und politische Fragen lenken, die von Brand und anderen Autoren im Eigenen zur Sprache gebracht wurden. Dabei unterschied sich ihr Standpunkt wesentlich von demjenigen von Hirschfeld und seiner Anhänger. Der Unterschied zwischen Brands Gemeinschaft der Eigenen and Hirschfeld’s Wissenschaftlich-humanitärem Komitee, den ich hier hervorheben möchte – wobei ich gleichzeitig einräume, daß es auch allerlei Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den beiden Bewegungen gab – könnte immerhin auch für die aktuellen Debatten über Homosexualität von Bedeutung sein. Doch sind die politischen Standpunkte der wichtigsten Wortführer der Gemeinschaft der Eigenen zumindest kontroversiell zu nennen. Eine Reihe von Beiträgen in Der Eigene zeigen, daß Homosexuelle nicht immer nur auf der liberalen oder der linken Seite des politischen Spektrums zu finden sein müssen. Im Gegenteil: im Deutschland vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg scheinen einige homosexuelle Männer für einen extremen Nationalismus optiert zu haben, als Mittel, ihr Wunschbild einer männlichen Gesellschaft in Wirklichkeit umzusetzen.

Oosterhuis 2000 Adolf Brand Schwulenbewegung Emanzipation Weltstadt

Oosterhuis 2000 Adolf Brand Homosexual Movement Emanzipation Weltstadt-en

Benedict Friedländer.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Who’s who in gay and lesbian history: From antiquity to World War II. ed. / R Alderich; G Wotherspoon. London [etc.]: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. p. 170-171.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

A brief overview of the life and works of the German biologist and advocate of male bonding
Benedict Friedländer.

Elisár von Kupffer.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Who’s who in gay and lesbian history: From antiquity to World War II. ed. / R Alderich; G Wotherspoon. London [etc.]: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. p. 248-249.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

A brief overview of the life and works of the homosexual poet and painter Elisár von Kupffer.
Elisár von Kupffer (1872-1942).

Elisár von Kupffer (1872-1942).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia. ed. / G.E. Haggerty. New York [etc.]: Garland Publishing, 2000. p. 524-525 (Encyclopedia of lesbian and gay histories and cultures, Vol. 2).
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

A brief overview of the life and works of the homosexual poet and painter Elisár von Kupffer.

Oosterhuis 2000 Elisar von Kupffer Gay Histories and Cultures

Hans Blüher.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Who’s who in gay and lesbian history: From antiquity to World War II. ed. / R Alderich; G Wotherspoon. London [etc.]: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. p. 56-57.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

A brief overview of the life and works of the German philosopher and nationalist advocate of homo-erotic male bonding Hans Blüher.

Kurt Hiller.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Who’s Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to the Second World War. ed. / R. Aldrich; G. Wotherspoon. New York, Londen: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. p. 209-2010.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

A brief overview of the life and works of the liberal homosexual activist Kurt Hiller.

Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Who’s who in gay and lesbian history: From antiquity to World War II. ed. / R Alderich; G Wotherspoon. London [etc.]: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2000. p. 244-246.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

A brief overview of the life and works of the Austrian-German psychiatrist and pioneer of sexology Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

Review of: Mak, Geertje (1997). Mannelijke vrouwen: Over de grenzen van sekse in de negentiende eeuw. Amsterdam: Boom.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2000, p. 65-67.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis 2000 Recensie Mak Mannelijke Vrouwen Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies

Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Chicago [etc.]: University of Chicago Press, 2000. 321 p. (The Chicago series on sexuality, history, and society).
Unpublished updated and revised edition 2024 (copyrights owned by the author).
Research output: Book/Report › Book › Academic

Abstract

Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902) was one of the most prominent psychiatrists in Central Europe before Emil Kraepelin on the one hand and Sigmund Freud on the other set the tone. He started his career working in asylums, but the desire to escape the constraints of institutional psychiatry, which had become more akin to routine custodial care than to a gratifying scientific calling, drove him to broaden his professional territory. As a professor of psychiatry at the Universities of Strasburg, Graz and Vienna, he became actively engaged in the process in which the main institutional locus of this medical specialty shifted from the asylum to the university. Also, he transcended the institutional confines of psychiatry by developing a private practice, founding a private sanatorium, and advancing its moral role in society. Krafft-Ebing’s general theories of psychopathology were rather incoherent: his work embraced biological models of mental illness, including degeneration-theory, as well as a psychological understanding of mental disorders. His ideas about the proper explanation and treatment of mental disorders were more or less geared to the changing institutional contexts in which he worked and the shifting social background of his patients. Moving from the public asylum to the university clinic, and founding a sanatorium and a private practice, he tried to enlarge psychiatry’s domain as well as to attract a new clientele. Whereas the somatic model of mental disease and degeneration-theory promoted the scientific status of psychiatry, a psychological approach was more fruitful to attract middle- and upper-class patients suffering from rather mild disorders like nervousness, neurasthenia, or sexual perversion. Krafft-Ebing was working in many fields of psychiatry, but he is remembered nowadays chiefly as the author of Psychopathia sexualis. This book made him one of the founding fathers of medical sexology. The first edition of this bestseller appeared in 1886, followed soon by several new and elaborated editions and translations in several languages. Krafft-Ebing revised it several times, especially by adding new categories of sexual deviance and more and more case histories. By naming and classifying virtually all non-procreative sexuality, he synthesized medical knowledge of what then was labeled as perversion. Although he also paid attention to voyeurism, exhibitionism, pedophilia, bestiality, and other sexual behaviors, Krafft-Ebing distinguished four fundamental forms of perversion: (1) contrary sexual feeling or inversion, including various mixtures of manliness and femininity that in the twentieth century would gradually be differentiated into homosexuality, androgyny, and transvestitism; (2) fetishism, the erotic obsession with certain parts of the body or objects; (3) sadism and (4) masochism, neologisms actually coined by him, the first inspired by Marquis De Sade and the second by the writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. Krafft-Ebing’s interest in sexual deviance was linked to forensic psychiatry in which he was a leading expert. Psychopathia sexualis was written for lawyers and doctors discussing sexual crimes in court. His main thrust was that in many cases sexual deviance should no longer be regarded as simply sin and crime, but as symptoms of pathology. Since mental and nervous disorders often diminished responsibility, he pointed out, most sex offenders should not be punished, but treated as patients. Like other psychiatrists in the late nineteenth century, Krafft-Ebing shifted the focus from immoral acts, a temporary deviation of the norm, to a pathological condition. Influenced by the natural-scientific approach in German psychiatry as well as by degeneration theory, he explained perversions as inborn instincts, as deviations of normal biological evolution. Krafft-Ebing’s work appears to be typical of what Michel Foucault, in his influential The History of Sexuality: An Introduction (1978), designates as the medical construction of sexuality. Under the influence of Foucault, it has become a truism that physicians, by describing and categorizing non-procreative sexualities, were very influential in effecting a fundamental transformation of the social and psychological reality of sexual deviance from a form of immoral behavior to a pathological way of being. By differentiating between the normal and the abnormal and by stigmatizing deviance as illness, thus the argument runs, the medical profession, as the exponent of a “biopower”, was not only constructing the modern idea of sexual identity, but also controlling the pleasures of the body. Following Foucault, several scholars have associated the emergence of sexology with a deplorable medical colonization, replacing religious and judicial authority with scientific control. However, some recent historical studies suggest that medical labeling and its disciplining effects have been overemphasized as the major determinants in the process creating sexual identities. Too readily the conclusion has been drawn that the individuals labeled as perverts were passive victims, trapped in the medical discourse. To be true, like other psychiatrists, Krafft-Ebing surrounded sexual deviance with an aura of pathology, and he echoed nineteenth-century stereotypical thinking on sexual issues. However, his views were all but static or coherent and there were many contradictions and ambiguities in his work. It was open to divergent meanings and contemporaries, among them many of Krafft-Ebing’s patients, correspondents and informants, have indeed read it in different ways. Psychopathia sexualis did not only gratify one’s curiosity about sexuality and make sexual variance imaginable, but individuals concerned viewed it also as an endorsement of their desires and behavior. Its numerous case histories revealed to them that they were not unique in their sexual desire. Krafft-Ebing’s work was the impetus to self-awareness and self-expression and many suggested that it had brought them relief. What is striking is not only that life histories were so prominent in Psychopathia sexualis and his other publications, but even more that the autobiographical accounts were not forced into the straitjacket of his sexual pathology. Many of the life histories were submitted voluntarily and although their authors demonstrated a considerable degree of suffering, this did not necessarily mean that they considered themselves to be immoral or ill. The medical model was employed by many of them for their own purposes to mitigate feelings of guilt, to give perversion the stamp of naturalness and to part with the charge of immorality and illegality. Several perverts went to the psychiatrist, not so much seeking a cure, but to develop a dialogue about their nature and social situation. In fact, Krafft-Ebing responded to these “stepchildren of nature”, as he characterized them. Even if they criticized medical thinking and the social suppression of their sexual desires, he still published their letters and autobiographies uncensored, and he also acknowledged that some of them had influenced him. Lay views and medical views of sexuality overlapped. As more and more private patients and correspondents came up with life histories that did not fit the established perception of psychiatry and bourgeois morality, the more Krafft-Ebing’s approach became enmeshed in contradictory views and interests. The psychiatric understanding of perversions moved between scientific control and the realization of the liberal ideals of individual self-expression, self-realization, and emancipation. Whether the scale tipped to one side or the other depended to a large extent on the social position and gender of the psychiatrist’s clients. Upper- and middle-class men capitalized on psychiatric models in order to explain and to justify themselves. But lower-class men, prosecuted sexual offenders, and most female patients were generally not in a position to escape the coercion which undeniably was part of psychiatric practice as well.

Oosterhuis 2000 Stepchildren of Nature

Medical science and the modernisation of sexuality.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Sexual cultures in Europe: National histories. ed. / F.X. Eder; L. Hall; G. Hekma. Manchester [etc.]: Manchester University Press, 1999. p. 221-241.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

In his influential History of Sexuality (1976) Michel Foucault argues that the modern idea of sexuality was historically constituted in the nineteenth century when medical science delimited perversion. Whereas earlier historians saw the ‘medicalization’ of sexuality as a change only of attitudes and labels – for them, unchanging deviant sexual behaviors and feelings were no longer regarded as unnatural, sinful or criminal but simply became diseases, relabeled by physicians – Foucault and other social constructivist historians have challenged this interpretation. Not only are they critical of the view that the medical model was a scientific and humanitarian step forward, but also, they argue that the conception of nonprocreative sexuality as a sign of sickness was not merely a substitution for earlier denouncements of such activities as immoral. They emphasize that nineteenth-century physicians, by describing and categorizing nonprocreative sexualities, were very influential in effecting a fundamental transformation of the social and psychological reality of sexual deviance from a form of immoral behavior to a pathological way of being. By differentiating between the normal and the abnormal and by stigmatizing deviance as illness, thus the argument runs, physicians, as exponents of a ‘biopower’, were not only constructing the modern idea of sexuality but also controlling the pleasures of the body. Following Foucault, scholars have also argued that sexuality is a cultural and historical construct and thus makes no sense except as inscribed in language, discourses, meanings and ‘representations’. Not only the attitude of people towards sexual behavior, but also the meaning and concept of sexuality itself are subject to cultural variation and historical change. Socially created out of disciplining powers and discourses of knowledge, sexuality was a nineteenth-century invention. Before medical theories emerged that lumped together behavior, physical characteristics, and the emotional make-up of individuals, there was no entity, according to Foucault, which could be delineated as sexuality. I would be the last to reject this account totally, but my basic assumption is that the picture which has been drawn of the medicalization of sexuality is rather one-sided. The disciplining effects of medical interference with sexuality have been overemphasized. Medical theories have played an important role in the making of sexual categories and identities. However, this does not necessarily mean that these were only scientific inventions, shaped systematically by the logic of medicine and imposed from above by the power of organized medical opinion. In order to explain how sexuality was shaped by nineteenth century medical science, which is the subject of this article, the wider social context has to be taken into account. Arguing that new ways of understanding sexuality emerged not only from medical thinking in itself, I will focus on the connections between the contents of medical theories and their institutional and social settings. This article relies on my current research of the work of the German-Austrian psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing as well as on work of other scholars.

Oosterhuis 1999 Medical Science Modernisation Sexuality Sexual Cultures Europe

The Netherlands: Neither prudish nor hedonistic.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Sexual cultures in Europe: National histories. ed. / F.X. Eder; L. Hall; G. Hekma. Manchester [etc.]: Manchester University Press, 1999. p. 71-90.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

The history of sexuality in the Netherlands of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries differs to some extent from that in other Western European countries. Although there may be some discrepancy between dominant morality and actual social conduct, it is commonly argued that during the period between the late nineteenth century and the 1960s Christian norms and values have influenced sexual thinking and behavior more strongly in the Netherlands than in other countries. Despite the ongoing trend toward secularization that started in the late nineteenth century, in particular among the members of the more liberal Dutch Reformed Church, until the 1960s the Netherlands not only counted as a bourgeois society but also as a typical Christian nation. The disproportionately large influence of the views of Catholic and orthodox Calvinist groups in Dutch society is to be understood in light of pillarization: the close interconnection of religious ideology and sociopolitical organization which for the greater part of the twentieth century covered all areas of Dutch social life, cut across social class, and united groups of people from all walks of life in a common worldview. Following the example of Christian groups, the Dutch social democrats and liberals also constituted specific blocs, but these were not as all-embracing as the various Christian pillars. Although the formation of confessional blocs does not represent a singularly Dutch phenomenon, in the field of public morality they have manifested themselves more prominently in the Netherlands than elsewhere: they succeeded in imposing their restrictive sexual morality on the Dutch population at large. Simultaneously, the pillarization of Dutch society contributed to a more radical sexual revolution in the 1960s – a revolution which has also had a more permanent influence in the Netherlands than in other Western nations. Dutch society, it seems, has made an about-turn in only a short timespan: from puritan to liberal. Whereas the country was known as quite conservative and law-abiding in the 1950s, Dutch liberalism and tolerance have become proverbial since the second half of the 1960s. Abroad, the Netherlands has gained the reputation of being either a sexual paradise or a Sodom and Gomorra. This article focuses on pillarization as a peculiar twentieth-century Dutch phenomenon and on its relevance for the historical significance of the sexual ‘revolution’ in the Netherlands. I will argue that the seemingly sudden and radical changes in sexual ideology during the 1960s can also be understood as merely an acceleration, as part of a long-term historical development.

Oosterhuis 1999 Netherlands neither prudish nor hedonistic Sexual Cultures in Europe

Review of: Link, Günter (1999). Eugenetische Zwangssterilisationen und Schwangerschaftsabbrüche im Nationalsozialismus. Frankfurt am Main etc.: Peter Lang Verlag.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, Vol. 112, No. 3, 1999, p. 492-494.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis 1999 Review Link Eugenetische Zwangssterilisationen Schwangerschaftsabbrüche Nationalsozialismus Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis

Deutsche Homosexualität.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1998, p. 437-443.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Oosterhuis 1998 Deutsche Homosexualität ÖZG

Die Entstehung der Homo- und der Heterosexuellen: Randolph Trumbach im Gespräch mit Gert Hekma und Harry Oosterhuis.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry.; Hekma, G. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1998, p. 425-436.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Professional

Abstract

The American historian Randolph Trumbach interviewed by Gert Hekma and Harry Oosterhuis about the historical emergence of the homosexual and heterosexual categories and identity in the eighteenth century.

Hekma Oosterhuis & Trumbach 1998 Entstehung Homo Heterosexuellen ÖZG

Seksuele grensconflicten in fin de siècle Wenen: Richard von Krafft-Ebings Psychopathia sexualis en het geval Otto Weininger.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. De hang naar zuiverheid: De cultuur van het moderne Europa. ed. / A. Labrie; R. van der Laarse; W. Melching. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, 1998. p. 139-160.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

In zijn autobiografische Die Welt von Gestern signaleert de Weense schrijver Stefan Zweig in fin de siècle Wenen een opmerkelijke parallel tussen de vigerende seksuele moraal en het bloeiende artistieke klimaat. Beide waren volgens hem symptomatisch voor de onwaarachtigheid en het gebrek aan realiteitszin die de gehele burgerlijke Weense cultuur kenmerkten. Waar de monomane aandacht voor kunst en het estheticisme het zicht belemmerden op de sociale en politieke veranderingen die de ogenschijnlijk stabiele Habsburgse monarchie en burgerlijke orde ondermijnden, daar versluierden hypocrisie en dubbele moraal de harde waarheid omtrent seksualiteit. Terwijl naar buiten toe de goede zeden nauwgezet werden gehandhaafd, was achter de coulissen van alles mogelijk, voor mannen althans. Niet alleen was Wenen, naast Parijs en Boedapest, een belangrijk centrum voor de productie van pornografie, ook was de prostitutie, ondanks een officieel verbod, wijd verbreid en werd deze gereguleerd door middel van politie-registratie en verplicht medisch onderzoek op de welig tierende geslachtsziekten. Terwijl de seksualiteit van vrouwen uit de burgerij werd ontkend en zij hun maagdelijkheid voor het – vaak gearrangeerde – huwelijk dienden te bewaren, konden mannen in klassen-overschrijdend seksueel verkeer, in bordelen en bij maîtresse aan hun gerief komen, zonder dat daar andere dan financiële verplichtingen tegenover stonden. De in acht te nemen discretie stond op gespannen voet met de door een sensatiebeluste pers breed uitgemeten schandalen en zedelijkheidsprocessen. De mengeling van preutsheid en nieuwsgierigheid, van verhulling en onthulling lag in het verlengde van de voortdurende confrontatie tussen schijn en werkelijkheid in de Weense maatschappij. Juist in het spanningsveld tussen een rigide moraal en grensoverschrijding, aldus Zweig, ontstond een geërotiseerd klimaat, waarin de verhitte fantasie de zinnen voortdurend op een onnatuurlijke en ongezonde manier prikkelde.

Oosterhuis 1999 Seksuele grensconflicten in fin de siècle Wenen Hang naar zuiverheid

The Dubious Magic of Male Beauty: Politics and Homoeroticism in the Lives and Works of Thomas and Klaus Mann.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Queering the canon: Defying sights in German literature and culture. ed. / Ch. Lorey; J.L. Plews. Columbia CA: Camden House, 1998. p. 181-206.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

Homosexuality has a notable presence in the lives and works of both Thomas and Klaus Mann. Yet at first glance, when considering the ways in which each has expressed his sense of homosexuality, it is hard to conceive of a larger difference between father and son. Whereas Thomas Mann chose to marry and to sublimate his homoerotic desire in his art and political writings, Klaus was more or less open about his own homosexual preference, seeking actively to make it an integral part of his life. However, if their senses of homosexuality are seen against the backdrop of developments in their political thinking, the distinction between father and son seems less clear-cut. Following the rise of Nazi ideology, the two of them gave up their initially more or less apolitical stance, came to adopt similar political views, and publicly denounced Nazism. Projecting public issues back to intimate needs and fantasies, the political thinking of Thomas as well as Klaus Mann is strongly marked by their own personal problematics. Both authors nevertheless failed to connect homosexuality and democratic political activism in a fruitful way. For both of them, homosexuality belonged to an aesthetic sphere, one that eventually was hard to reconcile with moral and political responsibility. Focusing on the way they linked the personal and the political, I argue in this article that it is not possible to understand their ultimately pessimistic perception of homosexuality without taking into account the development of their political views on National Socialism.

Oosterhuis 1998 The Dubious Magic of Male Beauty Queering the Canon

Homosexualitäten (Special issue of Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry; Hekma, Gert; Eder, Franz X. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1998.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Special issue › Academic › peer-review

Plato war doch gewiss kein Schweinehund: Richard von Krafft-Ebing und die homosexuelle Identität.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1998, p. 358-383.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity (2000).

Oosterhuis 1998 Plato kein Schweinehund ÖZfG

Het maakbare lichaam in de sociologie.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Psychologie en Maatschappij, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1997, p. 71-78.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

Doorgaans zeggen wij dat wij een lichaam hebben, niet dat we een lichaam zijn. Speelt de hiërarchische lichaam-geest dichotomie van Descartes ons nog steeds parten? Het idee dat het onberekenbare lichaam door de geest – het eigenlijke kenmerk van het menszijn – in toom moet worden gehouden leidt een hardnekkig bestaan in onze cultuur. Zo is de sociologische analyse van het lichaam in hoge mate bepaald door de gedachte dat het lichaam de zetel is van het ‘dierlijke’ in de mens, van asociale driften en instincten, die beteugeld dienen te worden tot behoud van beschaving en maatschappelijke orde. De sociologie richt zich vanouds immers sterk op moderniserings- en rationaliseringsprocessen en daarin staat de beheersing van zowel de interne als externe natuur centraal. Hoewel zij haar wortels heeft in de sociale geneeskunde en ‘organisme’ en ‘pathologie’ voor de hand liggende metaforen waren om maatschappelijke verschijnselen te beschrijven, heeft de sociologie zich vanaf haar ontstaan als aparte discipline tegenover de biomedische wetenschappen geprofileerd door het principiële onderscheid tussen cultuur en natuur te accentueren. Het lichaam viel buiten haar blikveld, ook doordat zij, teneinde zich van de psychologie te onderscheiden, de verhouding tussen individu en maatschappij als een tegenstelling voorstelde; de persoonlijke lichaamsbeleving was voor de socioloog derhalve niet relevant. Lange tijd heeft de sociologie het lichaam gelaten voor wat het volgens de natuurwetenschappen en de psychologie is: een biologisch en individueel gegeven dat aan het sociale voorafgaat en erbuiten valt. Vanaf de jaren zestig is daar verandering in gekomen. De sociale vormgeving van het lichaam is een belangrijk thema in de sociologie van Erving Gofmann, Norbert Elias, Michel Foucault en Pierre Bourdieu. Deze benaderingswijzen waren vernieuwend, maar van een radicale breuk met het aloude dualisme natuur-cultuur was nauwelijks sprake. Het lichaam van vlees en bloed is in hun werk veelal een onbeschreven blad, het ruwe materiaal waarop de cultuur zijn stempel drukt. Sinds de jaren tachtig is de conceptualisering van het lichaam onderwerp van hernieuwde sociologische reflectie.

Oosterhuis 1997 Maakbare lichaam in de sociologie Psychologie en Maatschappij

Medicine, Male Bonding and Homosexuality in Nazi Germany.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 32, No. 2, 1997, p. 187-205.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Homosexuals were among those persecuted in nazi Germany. Various researchers have explained this in terms of National Socialist racist ideology and eugenics, because the, nazis justified their regulations on the basis of population policies. They were apprehensive at the appearance and spread of homosexuality because it would result in larger numbers of Germans no longer procreating. This persecution was inevitable and massive, so the argument runs, because in the Third Reich, sexuality above all served propagation, population expansion, biological health and the purity of the so-called ‘Aryan’ race.’ Medical historians have characterized the nazi regime as a ‘biocracy’: major social and political issues like the Jewish ‘question’, ethnicity, gender, poverty, crime, ‘asocial’ behavior and sexual deviance, were transformed into and reduced to biological and medical problems, for which there were apparently ‘neutral’, technical solutions. The willingness of the German medical profession to embrace the National Socialist cause was substantial, and biomedical scientists played an active role in the initiation, administration and execution of nazi ‘biopolitics’. Thus it has been argued that the nazi biocracy was based on a strong affinity of the intellectual and social structures of professional medical science with authoritarian politics. The more science became expert knowledge and the domain of privileged professionals and a technocratic elite, the more it was conceptualized as undemocratic. Refuting the current notion that Nazism corrupted, distorted and misused a supposedly neutral biomedical science, these authors assert that biology and medicine were already inherently politicized and that they lent Nazism a specifically scientific and technocratic character. Employing a rhetoric of medical emergency, many leading nazis indeed saw their politics as applied biology. In their biomedical worldview, the German people suffered from deadly diseases. Their ‘cure’ was racial purification that would progress from coercive sterilization, euthanasia, segregation, and concentration for supposedly ‘hygienic’ reasons, to direct medical killing and genocide. From the notion that racial hygiene, the nazi vision of a ‘total cure’ by means of a medically oriented purification, dictated their treatment of homosexuality, it was only a small step toward bracketing homosexuals with Jews, the Sinti and Roma, ethnic minorities, psychiatric patients and hereditarily ill people as principal victims of nazi terror. However plausible this explanation may sound; it is neither entirely convincing nor complete. In the first part of this article that discusses the relation between biomedical science and nazi politics, I shall indicate why it is not satisfactory. In the second part I shall then attempt to give an additional explanation for the nazi persecution of homosexuals. This explanation focuses on the threat of homosexuality perceived by some important nazi leaders within their all-male military organizations. During the nazi regime the tension between male bonding in German nationalism and latent homoerotic tendencies of the so-called Männerbund was pushed to extremes.

Oosterhuis 1997 Medicine, Male Bonding and Homosexuality in Nazi Germany Journal of Contemporary History

Preutsheid noch hedonisme.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: De Gids, Vol. 160, No. 7-8, 1997, p. 562-575.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

In de ogen van veel buitenlanders is Nederland in het algemeen en Amsterdam in het bijzonder een seksueel paradijs ofwel een Sodom en Gomorra. Ons land heeft zijn reputatie als seksueel vrijgevochten natie in de eerste plaats te danken aan de mate waarin seksualiteit bespreekbaar en zichtbaar is in het openbare leven. Sterker dan in andere landen neigt de publieke opinie hier naar tolerantie als het om de seksuele mores gaat; voor preuts en bekrompen willen de meeste Nederlanders liever niet worden versleten. Net zomin als op het gebied van drugs, abortus en euthanasie kan de Nederlandse overheid, als ze dat al zou willen, een principieel restrictieve politiek voeren met betrekking tot de zedelijkheid. Betekent dit alles dat Nederland een gidsland is als het om seksuele vrijheid en vernieuwing gaat? Die vraag is niet zo gemakkelijk te beantwoorden. Ten eerste wil ruimdenkendheid niet zeggen dat Nederlanders ook in hun gedrag uitgesproken libertijns zijn, zoals buitenlanders nogal eens schijnen te geloven. Het overheersende patroon in zowel Nederland als de Verenigde Staten, Groot-Brittannië en Frankrijk wordt gekenmerkt door ‘seriële monogamie’. De meeste mensen hebben wel meerdere seksuele partners, maar na elkaar: de vaste en exclusieve liefdesrelatie, al dan niet bezegeld door een huwelijk, is voor de overgrote meerderheid nog altijd de belangrijkste legitimatie voor seksueel verkeer. Bovendien vertoont de alledaagse seksuele praktijk weinig variatie. Kortom, het seksuele leven van de gemiddelde Nederlander is waarschijnlijk even conventioneel als dat van de doorsnee-Amerikaan, -Brit of -Fransman. Ten tweede moet niet worden vergeten dat ons land nog niet zo lang geleden allerminst befaamd (of berucht) was om zijn seksuele openheid. Nederland stond in de jaren vijftig nog bekend als een zeer behoudende en gezagsgetrouwe natie. Sterker nog dan in andere Westerse landen hebben christelijk normen en waarden hier vanaf eind negentiende eeuw tot de jaren zestig het seksuele doen en laten bepaald. Ogenschijnlijk is de seksuele revolutie van de jaren zestig in Nederland ingrijpender en invloedrijker geweest dan in andere Westerse landen en heeft de seksuele moraal in Nederland in korte tijd een draai van honderdtachtig graden gemaakt van puriteins naar libertijns. Maar wellicht is er ook continuïteit te ontdekken in de moraal van het verzuilde en ontzuilde Nederland en onderscheidt ons land zich heden ten dage wat het seksuele gedrag betreft niet zozeer door vrijheid als wel een bijzondere vorm van beheersing.

Oosterhuis 1997 Preutsheid noch hedonisme De Gids

Review of: Rose, K. (1994). Diverse Communities: The Evolution of Lesbian and Gay Politics in Ireland. Cork University Press.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 26, No. 5, 1997, p. 567-568.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Oosterhuis 1997 Review Rose Diverse Communities Archives Sexual Behavior

Richard von Krafft-Ebings Stiefkinder der Natur: Wie die Psychiatrie moderne sexuelle Identitäten produzierte.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Capri: Zeitschrift für schwule Geschichte, Vol. 24, 1997, p. 2-27.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity (2000).

Oosterhuis 1997 Richard von Krafft-Ebings Stiefkinder der Natur Capri

Richard von Krafft-Ebing’s “Stepchildren of Nature”: Psychiatry and the Making of Homosexual Identity.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Science and Homosexualities. ed. / V.E. Rosario. New York and London: Routledge, 1997. p. 67-88.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

The emphasis on medical labelling in the creation of “deviants,” such as homosexuals, presents a social-deterministic model in which individuals appear as pawns of social forces with no will of their own. To explain how sexual “perversion” in general and homosexuality in particular was constructedi, it is necessary to enter the subjective world of individuals who read Krafft-Ebing’s work and responded to it, as well as to take their intentions, purposes and meanings seriously on their own terms. What were the effects of his work? How was it read and used by contemporaries? Who were the patients and informants of Krafft-Ebing? What were their social and cultural backgrounds? How did they interpret medical theories and how did they come into contact with the psychiatrist? In what way did medical theories and individual experiences interact, and how did these interferences between scientific and autobiographical meaning-constructions develop?

Oosterhuis 1997 Richard von Krafft-Ebing’s Stepchildren of Nature Science and Homosexualities

Christian Social Policy and Homosexuality in The Netherlands 1900-1970.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1996, p. 95-112.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

This essay explores the historical process in which homosexuality became an object for pastoral, medical, and mental health care in the Dutch Catholic community during the twentieth century. The confrontation between a moral-religious approach and the professional (medical and psychological) treatment of homosexuality is the central issue. In a continuing dialogue and a process of changing power relations between clergymen, physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, and pedagogues as well as Catholic homosexuals themselves, homosexuality was transformed from sin and pathology into a psychological and social problem that could be treated in pastoral and mental health care. The changing attitudes of Catholics towards homosexuality can be explained in the context of the changing relations between religion on the one hand and health care on the other hand. Current viewpoints resulting from sociohistorical studies on the development of the medical and welfare professions have concluded that religion lost importance in modern society because physicians, psychiatrists, psyche-therapists, and social workers not only created new areas of intervention in people’s private lives, but also took over the traditional tasks of the church in the field of charity and pastoral care. Medical anamnesis, psychoanalysis, and psychotherapy took the place of confession and pastoral care, thus the argument runs, and remission of sins and redemption were replaced by health and welfare. However, especially in the case of the development of the Dutch welfare state, there was a more complicated interplay between changing religious values and professional strategies, In the Netherlands professional health care and welfare institutions often were organized in a religious context and it is difficult to make a clear differentiation between religious and moral discourses on the one hand and medical and psychological ones on the other hand. Moreover, professional interventions did not take the place of pastoral care; it appears that pastoral care for homosexuals gained ground and was intensified after medical and psychological definitions of homosexuality had found acceptance in the Catholic community. Professional strategies did not supersede religion, but rather contributed to a moral re-orientation and a new pattern of Christian values and appreciations in the field of sexuality.

Oosterhuis 1996 Christian Social Policy and Homosexuality Journal of Homosexuality

Orgiën der fantasie: Richard von Krafft-Ebing en de modernisering van seksualiteit.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Psychologie en Maatschappij, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1996, p. 333-346.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

As the author of the famous Psychopathia sexualis (1886), the German-Austrian psychiatrist and sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing played a key role in the medical construction of the modern concept of sexuality. The contention that medical theories, such as Krafft-Ebing’s, brought about the construction of perversions and sexual identities, does not mean that these were invented from nothing. The making of sexual subjects should not be seen as the result of medical interference with deviance only. Medicalization can be viewed as a process in which new meanings were attached to existing behaviours, feelings and self-understanding. In Krafft-Ebings work these new meanings were dominated not so much by biological as psychological interpretations. Case histories and autobiographies of Krafft-Ebing’s patients show that psychological explanations were developed in the context of existing social practices and with the collaboration of the people concerned. They often furnished him with the life stories and sexual experiences on which medical explanations were grounded.

Oosterhuis 1996 Orgiën der fantasie Psychologie en Maatschappij

Review of: Davis, K. (1995). Reshaping the Female Body: The Dilemma of Cosmetic Surgery.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Comenius, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1996, p. 321-324.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Gay Men and the Sexual History of the Political Left.

/ Hekma, Gert (Editor); Oosterhuis, Harry; (Editor); Steakley, James (Editor). London and New York: The Haworth Press/Harrington Park Press, 1995. 408 p.
Research output: Book/Report › Book editing › Academic

Leftist Sexual Politics and Homosexuality: A Historical Overview.

/ Hekma, Gert; Oosterhuis, Harry; Steakley, James. Gay Men and The Sexual History of the Political Left. ed. / Gert Hekma; Harry Oosterhuis; James Steakley. London and New York: The Haworth Press/Harrington Park Press, 1995. p. 1-40.
Also in: Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 29, No. 2/3, 1995, p. 1-40.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

For almost a full century now, the revolutionary prospect of socialism has fueled opening forays first of the homosexual emancipation and later of the gay liberation movements, both in Europe and in North America. It inspired Edward Carpenter and Magnus Hirschfeld at the turn of the century; Andr? Gide and Richard Linsert in the post-World War I years; Harry Hay and Jim Kepner in the post-World War II era; and the British and American Gay Liberation Front, the Italian Fuori!, the French FHAR, the German Rotzschwule, and the Dutch Red Faggots following the Stonewall rebellion. While the official socialist parties of Northwestern Europe may have made only limited contributions to homosexual emancipation, they certainly have a better record than conservative and Christian parties and even the liberals, who have consistently, if contradictorily, underlined the freedom of private life. Even so, parties across the entire political spectrum have gradually come to endorse at least some of the movement’s goals. As it has advanced, the gay movement has changed as well, and it now finds itself pulled in divergent directions. Gay leftists who still subscribe to the ideals expressed in Marxist and utopian socialist writings now find themselves at demonstrations shoulder-to-shoulder with members of ACT UP and Queer Nation, to say nothing of gay conservatives and gay Christians. The successes achieved by the contemporary gay movement despite or precisely because of its diversity support Foucault’s argument that “there is no single locus of great Refusal, no soul of revolt, source of all rebellions, or pure law of the revolutionary. Instead, there is a plurality of resistances, each of them a special case….” At the close of the twentieth century, the welfare state has reached its apogee in Northwestern Europe. As blue-collar workers historically committed to class struggle have become relatively well-to-do and minoritarian, socialist parties have increasingly lost their traditional base of support and been forced into the defensive. Depending only on the socialists would mean relying on an ineffectual partner, for nowhere are they in a stable position of power. Long before the collapse of “really existing socialism” in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, gay and lesbian movements began developing their own autonomous politics independent of parties. They moved in this direction in part because the coalition with leftism so frequently led to disappointment, particularly when gays and lesbians working within socialist parties were called upon to subordinate or abandon their own goals in favor of party platforms. In other cases, the gay-left coalition failed to yield results because a single-minded reliance on one party placed limits on lobbying other parties and entering compromises. We have reached a time when inherited ideologies are no longer capable of laying claim to the undivided loyalty of the gay movement, if indeed they ever were. As it has developed autonomous theories and practices, the gay movement’s choice of coalition partners has increasingly come to be based on pragmatism and success in advancing the gay agenda. Indeed, the roles of the gay movement and political parties have undergone a notable switch in recent years, with parties currying the support of the gay movement rather than vice versa. This signals a shift from the desire for politics to a politics of desire, going far beyond traditional socialist ideologies.

Hekma, Oosterhuis & Steakley 1995 Leftist Sexual Politics Homosexuality

The ‘Jews’ of the Antifascist Left: Homosexuality and Socialist Resistance to Nazism.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Gay Men and the Sexual History of the Political Left. ed. / G. Hekma; Harry Oosterhuis; J. Steakley. London and New York: The Haworth Press/Harrington Park Press, 1995. p. 227-257.
Also in: Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 29, No. 2/3, 1995, p. 227-257.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

In the early 1930s, German Social Democrats and Communists seized upon the homosexual orientation of some Nazi leaders, especially Ernst Rohm, with the aim of discrediting the entire National Socialist movement. In Western Europe as well as the Soviet Union, there was a general tendency among socialists in the 1930s to identify homosexuality with Nazism, Antifascist leftists created the impression that homosexuality was widespread in Nazi organizations. Such socialist theorists as Wilhelm Reich tended to view homosexuality sociologically and psychologically as a typical rightist, nationalist, and above all fascist aberration, Leftist aversion to homosexuality was not only an expression of political opportunism. Prejudices against homosexuality were part and parcel of socialist thinking and became even more deep-rooted among leftists as a consequence of the ideological and moral confrontation with National Socialism. Against the presumed immorality and perversion of the Nazis, the antifascists stressed their own rationality and purity.

Oosterhuis 1995 The ‘Jews’ of the Antifascist Left Journal of Homosexuality

De kracht van de moraal: Dertig jaar De Kringen.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Dertig jaar De Kringen: Toespraken ter gelegenheid van de viering van het dertigjarig jubileum van De Kringen op 25 september 1993 te Amsterdam. ed. / C. van Wijk; H. d’Ancona; Harry Oosterhuis; J. Schuyf. Delft: De Kringen, 1994. p. 12-18.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Popular

Abstract

Het ontstaan en de geschiedenis van De Kringen is geworteld in een confessioneel engagement dat een fundamentele bijdrage heeft geleverd aan de maatschappelijke aanvaarding van homoseksualiteit. Als gevolg van de seksuele revolutie en meer radicale vormen van homo-emancipatie is deze bijdrage in het vergeetboek geraakt en als achterhaald moralisme afgedaan. Wellicht ten onrechte. Ten tijde en na de seksuele revolutie hebben velen geloofd dat bevrijde seksualiteit geen moraal meer nodig heeft. Dat bleek een illusie. Seksualiteit kan niet zonder een bepaalde vormgeving en daarom evenmin zonder ethiek. Een eigentijdse invulling van een seksuele ethiek lijkt bij uitstek het vraagstuk waarmee “De Kringen” zich bezig kunnen houden.

Oosterhuis 1993 De kracht van de moraal Symposium Dertigjarig jubileum van De Kringen

Homoseksuele identiteit tussen ziektegeschiedenis en autobiografie: Richard von Krafft-Ebing en zijn stiefkinderen der natuur.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Gezondheid, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1994, p. 130-147.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

See Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity (2000).

Oosterhuis 1994 Homoseksuele identiteit tussen ziektegeschiedenis en autobiografie Gezondheid

Homosexualité, homosocialité et national-socialisme.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Sodomites, invertis, homosexuelles: Perspectives historiques. Cahiers Gai-Kitsch-Camp 27. ed. / R. Mendes-Leite. Lille: Grimbert, 1994. p. 155-158.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Professional

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, Medicine, Male Bonding and Homosexuality in Nazi Germany (1997).

Reinheit und Verfolgung: Männerbünde, Homosexualität und Politik in Deutschland (1900-1945).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften, Vol. 5, 1994, p. 389-414.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Die massive Unterdrückung homosexueller Frauen und Männer im Dritten Reich haben verschiedene Wissenschafter/innen bislang unter Verweis auf die nationalsozialistische Ideologie zu erklären versucht: Sexualität habe ausschließlich der bevölkerungspolitischen Ziele der Vermehrung und Reinhaltung der “arischen Rasse” gedient. Diese Hypothese geht allerdings, wie zu zeigen sein wird, von problematischen Annahmen aus, ihre Erklärungskraft ist beschränkt. Die NS-Herrschaft stützte sich auf keinen zentralisierten, einheitlichen Apparat, auch wenn dies die offizielle Rhetorik und Propaganda suggerierte. Ebenso wenig war ihre Ideologie kohärent. Gerade die Einstellung der Nationalsozialisten zu Männerbünden und Homosexualität demonstriert, daß es Konflikte innerhalb der Organisationshierarchien, Widersprüche zwischen unterschiedlichen Doktrinen und zwischen der offiziellen Ideologie und der Praxis gab. Die NS-Ideologie und ihr eugenisches Programm zielten nicht auf die totale Vernichtung aller Homosexuellen ab. Für das Verständnis ihrer Unterdrückung ist vielmehr die homosoziale Organisationsform des Nationalsozialismus, d. h. die zentrale Rolle der Geschlechtersegregation und der Männerbünde in nationalsozialistischen Organisationen von Bedeutung. Männerbünde wurden von der homosexuellen Emanzipationsbewegung, der sozialdemokratischen und kommunistischen Linken und den nationalsozialistischen Organisationen auf verschiedene Weise politisiert. Die hier vorgeschlagene Erklärung zielt auf die Geschichte der Doppelbindung von männlicher Identität und Homoerotik als ideologisches und politisches Phänomen.

Oosterhuis 1994 Reinheit und Verfolgung Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften

Review of: Mooij, A. (1993). Geslachtsziekten en besmettingsangst: Een historisch-sociologische studie 1850-1990. Amsterdam: Boom.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Kennis en Methode, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1994, p. 274-278.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

The European post-war gay and lesbian movement.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry.; Hekma, G.; Duyvendak, J.W. In: Homologie, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1994, p. 22-28.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

Comparative overview of the gay and lesbian movement after World War II.

La carriera di Adolf Brand.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: OMPO, Vol. 19, No. 159, 1993.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Professional

Abstract

A brief overview of the life and works of the German homosexual activist Adolf Brand.

Changing Attitudes Of Catholics Towards Homosexuality.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Research Notes from the Netherlands. ed. / C. Govers; K. Verrips. Amsterdam: Siswo, 1992. p. 13-14.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Popular

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, Homoseksualiteit in katholiek Nederland: Een sociale geschiedenis 1900-1970 (1992).

De smalle marges van de roomse moraal: Homoseksualiteit in katholiek Nederland.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Dissertatie Universiteit van Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, 1992.
Research output: Thesis › Doctoral Thesis › External

Abstract

Dit sociaalhistorisch onderzoek gaat over de manier waarop homoseksualiteit onderwerp werd in de katholieke pastorale, medische en geestelijke gezondheidszorg in Nederland. De confrontatie tussen een moreel-religieuze benadering en de professionele (medische en psychologische) behandeling van homoseksualiteit staat centraal. Aan de hand van verschillende bronnen, waaronder een verzameling van 166 dossiers van een katholieke instelling voor geestelijke gezondheidszorg, is de historische ontwikkeling van de katholieke opvattingen over homoseksualiteit in de twintigste eeuw geanalyseerd. De definitie en beoordeling van homoseksualiteit verschoof van zonde en pathologie naar een geestelijk gezondheids- en sociaal probleem. Deze verandering kreeg gestalte in een voortdurende dialoog en een proces van veranderende machtsverhoudingen tussen priesters, pastorale theologen, artsen, psychiaters, psychologen en pedagogen alsook, in toenemende mate, katholieke homoseksuelen zelf. In de eerste helft van de twintigste eeuw verwezen katholieke priesters en psychiaters voortdurend naar het immorele gedrag van homoseksuelen. Vanaf de jaren 1930 kwam deze morele optiek ter discussie te staan. Het gebruik van terminologie als ‘psychopathologie’, ‘psychologische deficiëntie’ en ‘noodlottig lot’ die verwezen naar het idee dat het bij homoseksualiteit ging om de geaardheid van een minderheid. Die werd achtereenvolgens lichamelijk, psychosomatisch, psychologisch en sociaal geduid. Rond 1960 verschoof de aandacht naar homoseksuele relaties die volgens dezelfde maatstaven als het huwelijk zouden moeten worden beoordeeld. Terwijl in de jaren 1930 en 1940 de meeste katholieken homoseksualiteit nog steeds als een zonde, een misdaad en een ziekte zagen, gingen aan het einde van de jaren vijftig en het begin van de jaren zestig enkele vooraanstaande geestelijken en psychiaters homoseksuelen de helpende hand bieden door hun geaardheid als gegeven te accepteren en stabiele, duurzame vriendschappen te bevorderen. In hun duiding en beoordeling van homoseksualiteit speelden zowel religieuze als psychologische connotaties een rol. Zo hebben sommige katholieke priesters en psychiaters bijgedragen aan de acceptatie van homoseksuelen in de verzuilde en grotendeels nog godsdienstige Nederlandse samenleving. De veranderende houding van katholieken ten opzichte van homoseksualiteit kan voor een groot deel worden verklaard door de veranderende relaties tussen religie enerzijds en medische en geestelijke gezondheidszorg anderzijds. De huidige standpunten die voortvloeien uit historische studies over de ontwikkeling van de medische en welzijnsberoepen hebben geconcludeerd dat religie in deze eeuw aan belang heeft ingeboet omdat artsen, psychiaters, psychotherapeuten en maatschappelijk werkers niet alleen nieuwe interventiegebieden in het privéleven van mensen hebben gecreëerd, maar ook de traditionele taken van de kerk op het gebied van liefdadigheid en pastorale zorg hebben overgenomen. Volgens Foucault en anderen namen de medische anamnese, de psychoanalyse en de psychotherapie de plaats in van de biecht en de pastorale zorg, en werden vergeving en verlossing vervangen door gezondheid en welzijn. Vooral in het geval van de ontwikkeling van de Nederlandse verzorgingsstaat was er echter een ingewikkelder samenspel tussen veranderende religieuze waarden en professionele strategieën. Godsdienst en verzuiling hadden een grote invloed op de manier waarop professionele zorg- en welzijnsinstellingen werden georganiseerd en het is moeilijk om een duidelijk onderscheid te maken tussen religieuze en morele duidingen enerzijds en medische en psychologische verklaringen anderzijds. Bovendien kwamen medische en psychologische interventies niet in de plaats van pastorale zorg; Het lijkt erop dat de pastorale zorg voor homoseksuelen terrein won en intensiveerde nadat medische en psychologische definities van homoseksualiteit ingang hadden gevonden in de katholieke gemeenschap. Professionele medische en psychologische strategieën vervingen religie niet, maar droegen eerder bij aan een morele heroriëntatie en een nieuw christelijk waardenpatroon op het gebied van seksualiteit.

Oosterhuis 1992 Homoseksualiteit in katholiek Nederland Dissertatie

De smalle marges van de roomse moraal: Katholicisme en homoseksualiteit in Nederland (1900-1970).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Tweede Jaarboek Onderzoeksschool Sociale Wetenschap Amsterdam. ed. / J.W. Gerritsen; H. Sonneveld. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers, 1992. p. 127-142.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

Zie Oosterhuis, De smalle marges van de roomse moraal: Homoseksualiteit in katholiek Nederland (1992).

Homoseksualiteit in katholiek Nederland: Een sociale geschiedenis 1900-1970.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Amsterdam: SUA, 1992.
Research output: Book/Report › Book › Academic

Abstract

This sociohistorical study is about the way in which homosexuality became an object for pastoral, medical and mental health care and was dealt with as a moral as well as a health problem in the Dutch catholic community. The confrontation between a moral-religious approach and the professional (medical and psychological) treatment of homosexuality is the central issue. Using several sources, among others a collection of 166 files of a catholic institution for mental health care, the historical development of catholic attitudes on and changing definitions of homosexuality in the 20th century has been analyzed. Homosexuality was transformed from a concept of sin and pathology into a mental health and social problem, during a continuing dialogue and a process of changing power relations between priests, pastoral theologians, physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists and pedagogues as well as catholic homosexuals themselves. In the first half of this century, catholic priests and psychiatrists continually referred to the immoral behavior of various people. From the 1930’s onwards, by using terminology such as ‘psychopathology’, ‘psychological deficiency’ and ‘fateful destiny’, the moral approach was confronted by the idea that homosexuality manifested a condition of a fixed minority that was successively organic, psychosomatic, psychological and social in nature and that was to be differentiated from the condition of heterosexuals. Around 1960 attention shifted to homosexual relationships which were not perceived as a relationship on its own terrain, but rather were to be judged according to the same standards as marriage. While in the 1930’s and 1940’s most Catholics still denounced homosexuality as a sin, a crime and an illness, at the end of the 1950’s and the beginning of the 1960’s some leading clergymen and psychiatrists stood in the forefront to give support to homosexuals by accepting their orientation and promoting stable, lasting friendships. Promoting a notion of homosexuality that had an admixture of religious as well as psychological connotations, some catholic priests and professionals have contributed to the integration of homosexuals into Dutch society. The changing attitudes of Catholics towards homosexuality can be explained to a large extent by the changing relations between religion on the one hand and medical and mental health care on the other hand. Current viewpoints resulting from sociohistorical studies on the development of the medical and welfare professions have concluded that religion lost importance in this century because physicians, psychiatrists, psychotherapists and social workers not only created new areas of intervention in people’s private lives, but also took over the traditional tasks of the church in the field of charity and pastoral care. According to Foucault and others medical anamnesis, psychoanalysis and psychotherapy took the place of confession and pastoral care, and remission of sins and redemption were replaced by health and welfare. However, especially in the case of the development of the Dutch welfare state, there was a more complicated interplay between changing religious values and professional strategies. Religious grounds had a large impact on the way professional health care and welfare institutions were organized and it is difficult to make a clear differentiation between religious and moral discourses on the one hand and medical and psychological ones on the other hand. Moreover, medical and psychological interventions did not take the place of pastoral care; it appears that pastoral care for homosexuals gained ground and was intensified after medical and psychological definitions of homosexuality had found acceptance in the catholic community. Professional medical and psychological strategies did not supersede religion, but rather contributed to a moral re-orientation and a new pattern of Christian values and appreciations in the field of sexuality.

Oosterhuis 1992 Homoseksualiteit in Katholiek Nederland Een sociale geschiedenis 1900-1970 Editie Sua

Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: The Youth Movement, the Gay Movement and Male Bonding Before Hitler’s Rise: Original Transcripts From Der Eigene, the First Gay Journal in the World.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry.; Kennedy, Hubert. London and New York: The Haworth Press/Harrington Park Press, 1992.
Also in: Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 22, No. 1-2, 1992, p. 119-125.
Research output: Book/Report › Book › Academic

Abstract

This edited volume features English translations (by Hubert Kennedy) of selected essays from German homo-erotic journal Der Eigene, which was edited by Adolf Brand and appeared during the first four decades of the twentieth-century. Intruduced by Harry Oosterhuis, these esssays provide insight in the German homosexual movement, in particular the Gemeinschaft der Eigenen, its historical context and sociopolitical background as well as the controversies in which Brand and his followers were engaged.

Review of: Müller, K. (1991). Aber in meinem Herzen sprach eine Stimme so laut: Homosexuelle Autobiographien und medizinische Pathographien im neunzehnten Jahrhundert. Berlin: Verlag Rosa Winkel.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1992, p. 27-29.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

The Gemeinschaft der Eigenen.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Sociological Abstracts, 1992, p. 2000-2001.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Brief overview of the history of the German homosexual organisation Gemeinschaft der Eigenen.

Male bonding and the persecution of homosexual men in Nazi Germany.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Amsterdams Sociologisch Tijdschrift, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1991, p. 27-45.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, Medicine, Male Bonding and Homosexuality in Nazi Germany (1997).

Oosterhuis 1991 Male bonding and the persecution of homosexual men in Nazi Germany AST

Review of: Völger, G. & Welck, K.V. von (Eds.) (1990). Männerbande – Männerbünde: Zur Rolle des Mannes im Kulturvergleich, 2 Bnd. Berlin: Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1991, p. 36-36.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Catholic Discourses on Homosexuality in the Netherlands 1930-1970.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Newsletter of the Discourse Analysis Research Group 6(2). Calgary: University of Calgary, 1990. p. 3-7.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, Homoseksualiteit in katholiek Nederland: Een sociale geschiedenis 1900-1970 (1992).

De smalle marges van de moraal.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Verzorging, Vol. 3, 1990, p. 39-46.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

Zie Oosterhuis, De smalle marges van de roomse moraal: Homoseksualiteit in katholiek Nederland (1992).

De smalle marges van de roomse moraal: Katholicisme en homoseksualiteit in Nederland (1900-1970).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Grensgeschillen in de seks, Bijdragen tot de culturele geschiedenis van seksualiteit: Balans en perspectief van de Nederlandse cultuurgeschiedenis. ed. / G. Hekma; D. Kraakman; W. Melching. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1990. p. 145-167.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

Zie Oosterhuis, De smalle marges van de roomse moraal: Homoseksualiteit in katholiek Nederland (1992).

Mannenvriendschap en homoseksualiteit in Duitsland (1750-1940).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1990, p. 8-12.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

About the changing relationship between romantic friendship of males and homosexuality from the mid-eighteenth until the mid-twentieth century.

The Guilty Conscience of the Left.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. The Gay European Review. London: Verlaine-Rimbaud Publishers, 1989. p. 72-81.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, The ‘Jews’ of the Antifascist Left: Homosexuality and Socialist Resistance to Nazism (1995).

‘Ze zijn er mede behept’: Veranderingen in de confessionele houding ten aanzien van homoseksualiteit (1935-1965).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Goed verkeerd: Een geschiedenis van homoseksuele mannen en lesbische vrouwen in Nederland. ed. / G. Hekma; D. Kraakman; M. van Lieshout; J. Radersma. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1989. p. 131-144.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

Zie Oosterhuis, De smalle marges van de roomse moraal: Homoseksualiteit in katholiek Nederland (1992).

Een modern homo-activist: Kurt Hiller (1885-1972).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Pijlen van naamloze liefde: Pioniers van de homo-emancipatie. ed. / H. Hafkamp; M. van Lieshout. Amsterdam: SUA, 1987. p. 180-184.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Professional

Abstract

Leven en werk van de liberale Duitse homoactivist Kurt Hiller.

Een uitgever van mannelijke kunst en cultuur: Adolf Brand (1874-1945).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Pijlen van naamloze liefde: Pioniers van de homo-emancipatie. ed. / H. Hafkamp; M. van Lieshout. Amsterdam: SUA, 1987. p. 147-154.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Professional

Abstract

Leven en werk van de Duitse homo-activist Adolf Brand.

Vriendenliefde en lievelingsmin: Elisár von Kupffer (1872-1942).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Pijlen van naamloze liefde: Pioniers van de homo-emancipatie. ed. / H. Hafkamp; M. van Lieshout. Amsterdam: SUA, 1987. p. 159-163.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Professional

Abstract

Leven en werk van de Duitse dichter en kunstenaar Elisár von Kupffer.

Met de Mannenbond naar een betere wereld: Hans Blüher (1888-1955).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Pijlen van naamloze liefde: Pioniers van de homo-emancipatie. ed. / H. Hafkamp; M. van Lieshout. Amsterdam: SUA, 1987. p. 164-169.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Professional

Abstract

Leven en werk van de Duitse mannenbondideoloog Hans Blüher.

Elke roes is potentieel de roes van een moordenaar: Politiek en homoseksualiteit bij Klaus Mann

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1987, p. 17-19.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, The Dubious Magic of Male Beauty: Politics and Homoeroticism in the Lives and Works of Thomas and Klaus Mann (1998).

Male friendship and homosexuality in Germany (1750-1940).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Homosexuality. Which homosexuality? History. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit/Schorer Stichting, 1987. p. 120-132.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference article in proceeding › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, Mannenvriendschap en homoseksualiteit in Duitsland (1750-1940) (1990).

Review of: Steakley, J. (1985). The writings of Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld: A bibliography. Canadian Gay Archives; Herzer M. & Steakley J. (1986). Von einst bis jetzt: Geschichte einer homosexuellen Bewegung (1897-1922). Berlin: Rosa Winkel Verlag (Schriftenreihe der Magnus Hirschfeld Gesellschaft).

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1987, p. 39-39.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Een fascistisch pleidooi voor mannelijke homoseksualiteit: Broeierige cultus in Duitsland en Frankrijk.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: De Groene Amsterdammer, No. 10 december, 1986, p. 11.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Popular

De tweeslachtigheid van tante Magnesia: Biografie van Magnus Hirschfeld.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: De Groene Amsterdammer, No. 24 september, 1986, p. 22-23.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Popular

Het rijke homoleven in tsaristisch Rusland: Een gesprek met Simon Karlinsky.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry.; Hekma, Gert. In: De Groene Amsterdammer, No. 23 juli, 1986, p. 15-16.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Popular

Abstract

Interview.

‘Veel homo’s voelden zich aangetrokken tot het nationaal-socialisme’: Historicus George Mosse over de homo-erotische dimensie in het nationalisme.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: De Groene Amsterdammer, No. 25 juni, 1986, p. 13-15.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Popular

Abstract

Interview.

Betoverd door mannelijke schoonheid: Homo-erotiek bij Thomas Mann.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1986, p. 4-8.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, The Dubious Magic of Male Beauty: Politics and Homoeroticism in the Lives and Works of Thomas and Klaus Mann (1998).

Review of: Murat, W. von (1985). Mitteilungen des Wissenschaftlich-Humanitären Komitees, 1926-1933. Berlin: C. Bell.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1986, p. 30-31.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Review of: Murray, S.O. (1984). Social Theory, Homosexual Relations. San Franciso: Instituto Obregon.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1986, p. 30-31.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Review of: Schuyf, J. et al. (Eds.) (1985). Homojaarboek 3. Amsterdam: Van Gennep.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1986, p. 31-32.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Review of: Weeks, J. (1985). Sexuality and its discontents: Meanings, myths and modern sexualities. London, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1986, p. 31-31.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Russische homo’s hadden vóór de revolutie meer vrijheid.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry; Hekma, Gert. In: Homologie, Vol. 8, No. 5, 1986, p. 4-9.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

Interview met Simon Karlinsky over homoseksualiteit in tsaristisch Rusland.

Fascisme en homoseksualiteit.

/ Kolpa, Ronald (Editor); Oosterhuis, Harry (Editor); Schut, Theo (Editor); Van Vorselen, Lex (Editor). Amsterdam: SUA/De Woelrat, 1985. 208 p.
Research output: Book/Report › Book editing › Academic

Heb mannen lief, maar wees niet homoseksueel: Homoseksualiteit, mannenbond, fascisme.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Fascisme en homoseksualiteit. ed. / Ronald Kolpa; Harry Oosterhuis; Theo Schut; Lex van Vorselen. Amsterdam: SUA/De Woelrat, 1985. p. 51-78.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

See Oosterhuis Medicine, Male Bonding and Homosexuality in Nazi Germany (1997).

Homoseksualiteit en antifascisme: Over Klaus Manns ‘Homoseksualiteit en fascisme’.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Fascisme en homoseksualiteit. ed. / Ronald Kolpa; Harry Oosterhuis; Theo Schut; Lex van Vorselen. Amsterdam: SUA/De Woelrat, 1985. p. 79-82.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, The ‘Jews’ of the Antifascist Left: Homosexuality and Socialist Resistance to Nazism (1995).

Review of: Crompton, L. (1985). Byron and Greek Love: Homophobia in 19th-century England. University of California Press; Kosofsky Sedgwick, E. (1985). Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York: Columbia University Press.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 7, No. 6, 1985, p. 31-31.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Review of: Foucault, M. (1984). Het gebruik van de lust: Geschiedenis van de seksualiteit 2. SUN; (1985). De zorg voor zichzelf: Geschiedenis van de seksualiteit 3. Nijmegen: SUN.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Sociologische Gids, Vol. 5, No. 6, 1985, p. 437-438.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Review of: Mosse, G.L. (1985). Nationalism and sexuality: Respectability and abnormal sexuality in modern Europe. New York: Howard Fertig.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Sociologische Gids, Vol. 5, No. 6, 1985, p. 443-444.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

De Gemeinschaft der Eigenen: Een beweging voor mannelijke cultuur.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Homoseksualiteit en fascisme. ed. / M. Vermeulen; et al. Utrecht: Afku/COC, 1984. p. 5-11.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Popular

Abstract

Over de geschiedenis van de vroeg-twintigste-eeuwse Duitse homobeweging.

De homo als kennisobject en bekentenisdier.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Ontmaskering van de homo-identiteit. ed. / Maurice van Lieshout. Amsterdam: De Woelrat, 1984. p. 25-43.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

Over essentialisme versus constructivisme in de historische benadering van homoseksualiteit.

Oosterhuis 1982 Homo als kennisobject en bekentenisdier Groniek

Homo-erotiek en mannenbond.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Congresboek van de derde landelijke jaarmarkt voor lesbische en homostudies. ed. / Wijnand Sengers. Rotterdam: Erasmus Universiteit, 1984. p. 84-88.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference article in proceeding › Academic

Abstract

Over de relatie tussen de vroeg-twintigste-eeuwse Duitse homobeweging en homosociale organisatievormen.

Levenskunst en vriendschap.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 6, No. 6, 1984, p. 27-27.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Professional

Otto Weininger: Worsteling met het vrouwelijke.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 6, No. 6, 1984, p. 16-18.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

See Oosterhuis, Seksuele grensconflicten in fin de siècle Wenen: Richard von Krafft-Ebings Psychopathia sexualis en het geval Otto Weininger (1998).

Review of: Bollé, M. (Ed.) (1984). Eldorado: Homosexuelle Frauen und Männer in Berlin 1850-1950, Geschichte, Alltag und Kultur. Berlin: Berlin Museum.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 6, No. 5, 1984, p. 32-32.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Review of: Miller, S. (1983). Vergeten vriendschap: Hechte vriendschap tussen mannen. De Toorts.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1984, p. 31-31.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Review of: Ruig, R. de (1984). In de Schaduw van de Grand Seigneur. E.J. Himbergen.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 6, No. 5, 1984, p. 33-33.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Review of: Schilling, H.-D. (Ed.) (1983). Schwule und Faschismus. Berlin: Elefanten Press.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1984, p. 32-33.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Book/Film/Article review › Academic

Een homo- annex mannenbevrijding binnen de Gemeinschaft der Eigenen.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Verslagboek van de Tweede Jaarmarkt voor Lesbische en Homostudies. ed. / Wijnand Sengers. Rotterdam: Erasmus Universiteit, 1983. p. 43-47.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference article in proceeding › Academic

Abstract

Over de geschiedenis van de vroeg-twintigste-eeuwse Duitse homobeweging.

Homo- of mannenemancipatie? De ‘Gemeinschaft der Eigenen’.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Homologie, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1983, p. 20-23.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

Over de geschiedenis van de vroeg-twintigste-eeuwse Duitse homobeweging.

Homosocial resistance to Hirschfeld’s homosexual putsch: The “Gemeinschaft der Eigenen”, 1899-1914

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. Among Men, Among Women: Sociological and historical recognition of homosocial arrangements. ed. / Mattias Duyves; et al. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1983. p. 305-314.
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › Academic

Abstract

Over de geschiedenis van de vroeg-twintigste-eeuwse Duitse homobeweging.

De homo als kennisobject en bekentenisdier.

/ Oosterhuis, Harry. In: Groniek: Gronings historisch tijdschrift, Vol. 77, 1982, p. 34-42.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic

Abstract

Over essentialisme versus constructivisme in de historische benadering van homoseksualiteit.

Oosterhuis 1982 Homo als kennisobject en bekentenisdier Groniek